CSS Chemistry is one of the most important compulsory papers of this competitive exam, as it covers all the basic knowledge required for a bureaucrat about Pakistan. A lot of preparatory material is in the market, but updated, reliable, and comprehensive material is required to clear this paper in this competitive exam.
Electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s atomic model, wave and particle nature of light matter, de Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions, probability density, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation and its solution for particle in one and three dimensional box.
Ions in solution, conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, ion mobility, transport number, titrations, Debye-Hückel theory, Redox reactions, electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, liquid junction potential, Nernst’s equation, pH measurement, electrolytic cells, potentiometry, reference and indicator electrodes, fuel cells, corrosion prevention.
Equations of state, ideal/real gases, Van der Waals equation, critical phenomena, four laws and applications, thermochemistry, calorimetry, heat capacities, reversible and non-reversible processes, spontaneity, Hess’s law, Born-Haber cycle, entropy, Gibbs free energy, equilibrium, fugacity and activity.
Reaction rates and molecularity, factors affecting rate, reaction orders, half-lives, determination methods, collision theory, transition state theory, Arrhenius equation, complex reactions.
Surface properties, adsorption, isotherms, colloids, surfactants, phase rule, catalysis types, enzyme catalysis.
Sampling, significant figures, stoichiometry, errors, ANOVA, mean, median, standard deviation, confidence limits, Gaussian distribution, least square method, statistical tests.
Solvent extraction, analytical separation, chromatography types (paper, TLC, column, ion exchange), electrophoresis and protein separation.
Bonding types, VBT, VSEPR, MOT, resonance, bonding in compounds, hydrogen bonding, p-block elements (O, C, Cl, Si, N, P) and compounds.
Chemical equilibrium, acid-base theories including SHAB, strength, pH, pKa, pKb, buffers, indicators, solubility, Ksp, common ion effect, applications.
d-block elements, coordination chemistry, complex structures and theories (Werner, VBT, CFT, MOT), Jahn-Teller, magnetism, lanthanides and actinides properties and applications.
Bonding, hybridization, inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, dipole moment.
Nomenclature, properties, preparation and reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
Benzene, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution, substituent effects.
Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines with focus on reaction mechanism and applications. Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides. Synthetic applications of Grignard reagent. Carbonyl compounds, preparations and reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones and their applications. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, acidity of carboxylic acids and effect of substituents on their acidity, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives including acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides.
Reaction mechanisms, Zaitsev and Hofmann rules, competition between reactions.
Chirality, stereoisomers, R/S, E/Z, optical activity, stereoselectivity, resolution.
Principles and applications of UV/Vis, NMR, IR, and Mass spectroscopy.
Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, biological functions of starch, glycogen, cellulose, and cell wall polysaccharides. Lipids; Classification and biological importance of lipids. Significance of lipids in biological membranes and transport mechanism. Amino Acids; Classification of amino acids. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids. Biological significance. Proteins; Classification. Properties and biological significance. Primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary structures.Nucleic Acids; Chemical composition of nucleic acids. Structure and biological significance of nucleic acids. Enzymes; Enzyme-substrate interactions and nature of active site, mechanism of enzyme action, kinetics of single substrate reactions, enzyme inhibition, regulatory enzymes and allosteric enzymes.
Digestion; absorption and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Glycolysis; citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and photosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triglycerides, phosphides, steroids and bile acids and ketone bodies. Biochemical reaction of amino acids: decarboxylation, deamination, transamination and transmethylation, etc., urea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesis. Catabolism of nucleosides, DNA polymerases and other enzymes involves in metabolism.
Manufacturing and processing of sugar, cement, glass, paper, fertilizers, soap, and detergents.
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